Temperature Profile of Nasal Breathing for Respiration Monitoring in Ambulatory Settings

The nasal breathing parameters have shown promising applications in hyperventilation, Kussmaul breathing, sleep apnea, shortness of breath COVID-19, bradypnea, sinus arrhythmia, and pranayama. However, a wearable setup, which is affordable, esthetic, accurate real time during various physical activities, not available currently. This article developed novel, low-cost instrumented temperature sensing (NTS) device for measuring parameters. proposed was tested controlled exercises seated position at three ambient settings (18 °C, 28 38 °C). further standing walking speeds, including slow (1.5 km/h), medium (3.5 fast (5.5 km/h). NTS compared against commercially respiration belt (RB) (gold standard). mean absolute error (MAE) (averaged across subjects settings) 0.09 ± 0.05 breaths per minute (bpm), 0.17 0.10 bpm, 0.13 bpm 6, 12, 18 respectively. root square between the RB normal 1.13 0.39 bpm. results suggest that real-time with potential advantage being robust enough to motion artifacts.